西方文化导论自然主义 naturalism.pptVIP

Naturalism By Elena Naturalism After the failure of Napoleon’s war, the French nation was thrown into a state of depression and pessimism(悲观情绪). But people still cherished(怀有) good memories of Napoleon and increased their hatred（讨厌） of Louis XVIII and his successors（继任者） when the Bourbon Dynasty (波旁王朝) returned. Later, Napoleon’s grandnephew took advantage of his prestige（威望） and became the supreme administrator（统治者）of France. But this pretentious(自命不凡的) politician threw France into chaos(混乱) and disaster. France was eventually invaded by Germany. 自然主义的诞生 拿破仑战争失败后法国国家陷入了沮丧和悲观的状态。但人们还是珍惜关于拿破仑的美好的回忆，但是当波旁王朝时期回来的时候，人们开始增加对路易十三和他的继任者的仇恨。之后，拿破仑的外甥以拿破仑的声望为优势成为法国的最高管理员。但这自命不凡的政客让法国陷入混乱和灾难。德国最终侵入了法国。 Emile Fran?ois Zola (French pronunciation:?; 2 April 1840 – 29 September 1902)was a French writer, the most important exemplar of the literary school of naturalism and an important contributor to the development of theatrical(夸张的) naturalism. He was a major figure in the political liberalization of France and in the exoneration of the falsely accused and convicted army officer Alfred Dreyfus, which is encapsulated in the renowned newspaper headline JAccuse. 左拉，法国作家，自然主义创始人，1872年成为职业作家，左拉是自然主义文学流派的领袖。19世纪后半期法国重要的批判现实主义作家，自然主义文学理论的主要倡导者，被视为19世纪批判现实主义文学遗产的组成部分。 Zola was born in Paris in 1840. His father, Fran?ois Zola (originally Francesco Zolla), was an Italian engineer. With his French wife émilie Aurélie Aubert, the family moved to Aix-en-Provence in the southeast, when he was three years old. Four years later in 1847, his father died leaving his mother on a meager pension. In 1858 the Zola moved to Paris, where émiles childhood friend Paul Cézanne soon joined him. Zola started to write in the romantic style. His widowed mother had planned a law career for émile but he failed his Baccalaureate examination(学士学位考试) . Before his breakthrough as a writer, Zola worked as a clerk in a shipping firm and then in the sales department for a publisher .He also wrote