加利福尼亚大学化学课件3.pptVIP

* Discussion Session Monday, 5-7 pm 9 LEWIS Textbook Chapter 2 (MT), Chapter 1 (DG) 20 copies on Reserve Chemistry Library Contour diagram Orbital depiction is based on With the sign of indicted (very important for bonding considerations) 3pz Angular Function Y(?,?) Angular Function Y(x,y,z) Radial Function R(r) Orbital pp36, DG pp26, MT Angular Function Y(?,?) Angular Function Y(x,y,z) Radial Function R(r) Orbital pp36, DG pp26, MT Angular Function Y(?,?) Angular Function Y(x,y,z) Radial Function R(r) Orbital pp36, DG pp26, MT All atomic orbitals (on same atom) are mutually orthogonal. Ungerade x y z 1 electron system: Hydrogen How about many-electron system? Z+ 1 electron with nuclear charge Z Increasing electrostatic interaction Orbital contract Orbital energy drops Example: For He+, Z=2, E1=-54.4 eV For multi-electron atoms, Schrodinger equation can be set up, but can not be solved exactly. Use approximation. Build many-electron electron system: Pauli exclusion principle: No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers (n, l, ml, ms) ms: spin quantum number Quantized, +1/2 or –1/2 Each atomic orbital can contain at most two electrons. Aufbau principle: electron fill the atomic orbitals from the lowest energy up. 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d….. Example: He: 1,0,0, ? 1,0,0, -1/2 ? Li: 1,0,0, ?; 1,0,0,-1/2; 2,0,0, ? ? Al: 13 electrons Core electron Valence electron Recall in Hydrogen: Why are they different in multi electron system? E(2s)=E(2p) Electron-electron repulsion 2+ He = He + 1 e + First electron: Second electron?? Ionization Energy (IE): energy required to remove an electron from the gaseous atom. IE(He) =24.6 eV Each electron feels +2 nucleus and 1 electron. In a many-electron atom, each electron is simultaneously: attracted to the protons in the nucleus repelled by other electrons (like-charge repulsion) The net positive charge attracting the electron is called the effecti