加利福尼亚大学化学课件7.pptVIP

* Closure: A, B ? G ? AB ? G 2. Associativity: A, B, C ? ? A(BC)= (AB)C 3. Identity: There exists E ? G such that AE=EA=A for all A? G 4. Inverse: A ? G ? there exists A-1 ? G such that AA-1 =A-1A=E Mathematical Group Order of a group: the number of elements it contains Symmetry of an object ? point group (symmetry about a point) {E, C2,?v,?v} = point group C2v Binary operation: one operation followed by another E C2 ?v ?v’ ?v’ C2 E ?v’ ?v ?v ?v ?v’ E C2 C2 ?v’ ?v C2 E E ?v’ ?v C2 E C2v Closure: Associativity: Identity: Inverse: E C2 ?v ?v’ ?v’ C2 E ?v’ ?v ?v ?v ?v’ E C2 C2 ?v’ ?v C2 E E ?v’ ?v C2 E C2v Rearrangement Theorem: each row and each column in a group multiplication table lists each of the elements once and only once. Proof: suppose AB=AC, i.e. two column entries are identical then: EB=EC B=C E C2 ?v ?v’ ?v’ C2 E ?v’ ?v ?v ?v ?v’ E C2 C2 ?v’ ?v C2 E E ?v’ ?v C2 E C2v A group is Abelian if AB=BA ( the multiplication is completely commutative). Not all groups are abelian. Any object (or molecule) may be classified into a point group uniquely determined by its symmetry. Groups with low symmetry: {E}=C1, Sch?nflies Symbol/notation {E,?} =Cs {E, i} =Ci ONCl, Cs H H Cl Cl F F Ci Groups with a single Cn axis {E, Cn, Cn2, Cn3….Cn n-1} =Cn H2O2 Groups with a single Cn axis plus a perpendicular ?h plane: Cnh C = C Cl Cl H H B O O O H H H Groups with a single Cn axis plus n vertical ?v planes: Cnv ?d: dihedral reflection planes (bisects ?v ) Br F F F F F Square pyramidal n-gonal pyramidal shape: Cnv Groups generated by an Sn axis: Sn n odd ? Cnh n even: Sn B O O O H H H H H Cl Cl F F 1,3,5,7-tetrafluorocyclooctatetraene F F F F Dihedral groups: Groups with a Cn axis plus n perpendicular C2 axes: Dn C2H6 partly rotated (not staggered, not eclipsed). Other example: Groups with a Cn axis, n ? C2 axes and a ?h plane: Dnh Example: Eclipsed Conformation of Hydrazine, N2H4 D3h: BF3 D4h: PtCl4 * * *