婴儿是如何思考的：思维的发展历程.pptxVIP

婴儿是如何思考的：思维的发展历程小组成员：目录1. 皮亚杰及其认知发展理论2. 认知发展的阶段理论及其特点3. 皮亚杰认知发展理论的贡献及局限性Jean Piaget Piaget (1896-1980) was the first psychologist to make a systematic study of cognitive development. His contributions include a stage theory of child cognitive development, detailed observational studies of cognition in children, and a series of simple but ingenious tests to reveal different cognitive abilities.Piagets Theory of Cognitive DevelopmentPiaget believed that “children are active thinkers, constantly trying to construct more advanced understanding of the world.”Little scientistsThese “understandings” are in the form of structure he called schemasDevelopment of Schemas(图式)Schemas are frameworks that develop to help organize knowledge.A schema describes a pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of information and the relationships among them.Schemata influence attention and the absorption of new knowledge: people are more likely to notice things that fit into their schema.同化（assimilation） 同化是指将新信息纳入已有的认知结构中。 在认知发展理论中，同化是指个体对刺激输入的过滤或 改变的过程。也就是说，个体在感受到刺激时，把它们纳入头脑中原有的图式之内，使其成为自身的一部分。可见就本质而言，同化主要是指个体对环境的作用。同化是个体图式不断增多的过程，在这个过程中，个体并没有对自身的图式进行改善或者改变。图式只发生了量变，并没有产生质变。Accommodation(顺应)顺应是指改变已有的认知结构，以适应新的环境和信息。顺应的过程是当个体遇到不能用原有图式来同化新的刺激时，便要对原有图式加以修改或重建，以适应环境。顺应是个质变的过程。 顺应与同化的关系 顺应是与同化互补的一个过程。同化和顺应并不是两个相互对立的过程，而是相互联系、相互依存的。在同一个活动中可能同时存在这两个过程，只是在不同的活动中，有时候同化占主导地位，有时候顺应占主导地位。认知发展的阶段理论1. 感知运动阶段( Sensorimotor )2. 前运算阶段( Preoperational )3. 具体运算阶段( Concrete Operational )4. 形式运算阶段( Formal Operational )感知运动阶段( Sensorimotor )—birth to 2 yearsInformation is gained through the senses and motor actionsIn this stage, child perceives and manipulates but does not reasonObject permanences is acquiredobject permanence (客体永久性)The understanding that object exist independent of ones ations or perceptions of them.Before six months infants act as if objects removed from sight cease to exist .Then, failure at A-not-B task.前运算阶段( Preoperational )—2-7 yearsEmergence of symbolic thoughtEgocent