分子生物学精品教学（张海红）CHAPTER 15 The Genetic Code.pptVIP

CHAPTER 15 The Genetic Code Deciphering Cell-free translation of artificial RNAs (Nirinberg,1961) The triplet binding assay (Nirinberg,1964) tRNA和氨基酸、核糖体及三联体的结合是特异的 上述结合的复合体大分子是不能通过硝酸纤维滤膜的微孔，而tRNA- 氨基酸的复合体是可以通过的。 poly(U) ---UUU--- polyphenylalanine poly(C) ---CCC--- polyproline poly(A) ---AAA--- polylysine poly(G) --- did not work because of the complex secondary structure Attempt to Decipher: 1954, George Gamow Three rules govern the genetic code Features: The code is degenerate Wobble in the anticodon The code is nearly universal Suppressor mutations can reside in the same or a different gene The first rule holds that codons are read in a 5’ to 3’ direction. The second rule is that codons are nonoverlapping and the message contains no gaps. The final rule is that the message is translated in a fixed reading frame, which is set by the initiation codon. Three rules govern the genetic code Features: The code is degenerate Wobble in the anticodon The code is nearly universal Suppressor mutations can reside in the same or a different gene degeneracy Many amino acides are specified by more than one codon, the phenomenon called degeneracy. Wobble Wobble concept The base at the 5’ end of the anticodon is no as spatically confined as the other two allowing it to form hydrogen bonds with any of several based located at the 3’ end of a codon, with pairing restrict to those on the right table Universality The standard codons are true for most organisms, but not for all. 硒代半胱氨酸：UGA 识别：发夹结构和硒代半胱氨酸特异的翻译延伸因子 Codon Preference Three rules govern the genetic code Features: The code is degenerate Wobble in the anticodon The code is nearly universal Suppressor mutations can reside in the same or a different gene