语言学Chapter-5-semantics.pptVIP

2) How to identify “concepts”? How do you know the concept of “pain” in your mind is the same as the concept of “pain” in my mind ? The Situational Context: time, place,speaker and Hearer, the Actions, the Various Objects and Events 4. Leech’s classification of meaning Geoffrey Leech (1974, 1981). Semantics: The Study of Meaning. Seven types of meaning: Conceptual meaning Connotative meaning Social meaning Affective meaning Reflected and meaning Collocative meaning Thematic meaning Connotative meaning Connotative meaning is unstable and open-ended. They vary according to culture, historical period and experience of an individual. Woman: frail, prone to tears, gentle, sensitive… Social meaning (stylistic meaning) It’s the meaning which language conveys about the social circumstances of its use. Steed, horse , gee-gee Affective meaning(evaluative meaning) It reflects the personal feeling of the speaker including his attitude toward the listener or sth he is talking about. Sense Vs reference Sense:is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.. Features:abstract ,de-contextualized Reference:It means what a linguistic form refers to in the world ;it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world Sense and reference The same sense has different references: The book is too difficult to read. I often read books in the morning. The same reference might differ in sense: Morning star and evening star The so-called synonymous are all context dependent. They all differ in: style: Little Tom buy/purchase a toy bear. Connotations: I’m thrifty, Tom are economical, and he is stingy. Dialectal difference: Autumn/fall Antonomy Antonomy is used for oppositeness of meaning. Antonyms are words that are opposite in meaning. Differents kinds of antonyms 1.gradable antonyms:It is a matter of degree,the antonyms are the two extremes of the degree. E.g. old elderly mature