临床药理学个体化药物治疗与精准医学医学课件.ppt

* * Genes are made up of DNA which is packaged on 46 chromosomes in the cell nucleus. The DNA of the human genome is estimated to contain some three billion nucleotide base pairs, made up of combinations of the four bases： adenine, cytosine, thiamine and guanine. Amongst these there are over 3 million (one in every thousand) single base pair changes which differ among individuals. This is known as a single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP. * * Let’s begin by examining what medicine has looked like in the past. Think of it as trial-and-error medicine. A physician observes the patient’s c