河师大教学课件 第1-2章.ppt

细胞生物学Cell Biology; 第一章 细胞及细胞生物学;The microscope used by Robert Hooke and the honeycomb-like network of “cell” he drew in 1665.;细胞的发现：1665年罗伯特·胡克观察和命名了细胞（实际上是死细胞的细胞壁） 列文虎克观察了多种生物的活细胞，描述了细胞核的结构。 在此后长达170多年中，对细胞还没有进行科学概括，上升到理论高度。;二、细胞学说的建立：;Cell theory has three basic contents:;细胞生物学参考书; 第二章 细胞的统一性与多样性;第一节 细胞的基本概念;Biologists are confident that a limited number of general principles, summarizing common molecular mechanisms, will eventually explain even the most complex life processes in terms of straightforward chemistry and physics. ;These general principles are apply to all forms of life, because 3 or 4 billion years ago, all living things had a common ancestor.;生命的相似性;1 The cell is the structural unit of life, all organisms is make up of cells. ;;;2 The cell is the functional unit of organisms，all metabolic activity is based on cells. ;细胞表现为严格程序的、 自动控制的代谢体系。 细胞自身结构的装置和协调性是数十亿年的进化产物。 细胞结构的完整性是细胞代谢有序性和自控性的前提条件。; 3 The cell is the growing and developing basis of life.;Human fetal development. (a)At 5 weeks, limb（肢） buds, eyes, the heart, the liver and rudiments(原基) of all other organs have started to develop in the embryo, which is only about 1cm long. (b)Growth and development of the offspring, now called a fetus（胎儿）. This fetus is 14 weeks old and about 6cm long. (c)The fetus in this photograph is 20 weeks old. Now the fetus grows to about 30cm in length.;4 The cell is the foundation of reproduce, and the bridge of inheritance. ;;5 Cell (nucleus) is totipotent, which can create a new organism of the same type. ;Dolly and her daughter;细胞的基本共性;2 One-dimensional chemical sequences are stored in DNA code for both the linear sequences and three-dimensional structures of RNAs and proteins. 储存在DNA序列中的信息编码RNA和蛋白质的一级和三维结构。;;3 Macromolecular structures assemble from subunits. 亚单位通过组装形成大分子结构。 例如：DNA和蛋白质组装成染色体；蛋白质和磷脂组装成膜结构；蛋白质和RNA装配成核糖体；蛋白质通过多聚化形成细胞骨架等等。;;;4 Membranes grow by expansion of pr