植物微生物学真菌界PPT.pptVIP

bitunicate ascus双层壁的子囊 unitunicate – 单层壁inoperculate无孔口 unitunicate – 单层壁operculate ascus有孔口 原囊态的子囊 The 4 main types of asci子囊的4种主要形态 In Ascomycetes, anamorphs and teleomorphs often develop at different times and places. Each stage is therefore often collected in ignorance of the existence of the other Normal classification is based on telomorph stages, but mycologists have had to classify specimens in which they only find anamorph stages. Thus parallel systems of nomenclature have sprung up - we have teleomorph genera and anamorph genera and mycologists try to draw connections between them where possible. DNA analyses will make this much easier in future. 有性和无性阶段在不同时间和地点发生，采集到的标本或是有性或是无性态，正常的分类 是根据有性态，但有些菌只发现了无性态，只好根据无性态分类。因而有两个并行的命名体系。菌物学家试图找到两者间的联系。将来DNA分析技术将使得更容易。 The anamorph-teleomorph probleme 有性和无性阶段问题 In some cases it has been possible to ‘connect’ the anamorph name with the teleomorph name - but in many others this has not yet been done and may never be possible because the organism may have lost the ability to reproduce sexually. Of 30,000 known Ascomycetes only 5,000 have been ‘connected’ to their anamorphs - results often ‘messy’ eg teleomorph genera, Nectria and Gibberella, both have anamorphs which have been classified in the anamorph genus Fusarium Many anamorphs (85%) have no known teleomorph - are termed Deuteromycetes. 有时将有性与无性联系容易，许多情况下难甚至做不到，因为有的菌丧失了有性生殖的能力。30 000种已知的子囊菌只有5 000种与无性态挂上了勾，结果往往是杂乱的，如有性阶段的丛剌壳属和赤霉属的无性阶段都是镰霉属。许多（85%）无性态已知但不知有性态，归到半知菌纲。 Recombination during MITOSIS has been observed in many fungi - it may be particularly well developed in Deuteromycetes减数分裂时发生重组已在许多真菌中发现，但半知菌尤多。两个不同核的细胞偶尔融合成为双核细胞，通过核融而成体细胞二倍体，有丝分裂时发生交换而分离或丢失染色体成单倍体。 Mitotic crossing-over diploid segregants Mitotic divisions Haploid mycelium Dikaryotic cells Somatic diploids arise through nuclear fusion Chromosome loss = haploidization Parasexual cycle 准性循环 The anamorph 无性阶段 The typical anamorph spore in Ascomycetes = conidia produced outside a specialize