分布式计算chap-01v2章节.pptVIP

DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMSPrinciples and ParadigmsSecond EditionANDREW S. TANENBAUMMAARTEN VAN STEENChapter 1 Introduction Definition of a Distributed System (1) A distributed system is: A collection of independent computers that appears to its users as a single coherent system. Definition of a Distributed System (2) Transparency in a Distributed System Scalability Problems Scalability Problems Characteristics of decentralized algorithms: No machine has complete information about the system state. Machines make decisions based only on local information. Failure of one machine does not ruin the algorithm. There is no implicit assumption that a global clock exists. Scaling Techniques (1) Scaling Techniques (2) Pitfalls when Developing Distributed Systems False assumptions made by first time developer: The network is reliable. The network is secure. The network is homogeneous. The topology does not change. Latency is zero. Bandwidth is infinite. Transport cost is zero. There is one administrator. Cluster Computing Systems Figure 1-6. An example of a cluster computing system. Grid Computing Systems Figure 1-7. A layered architecture for grid computing systems. Transaction Processing Systems (1) Figure 1-8. Example primitives for transactions. Transaction Processing Systems (2) Characteristic properties of transactions: Atomic: To the outside world, the transaction happens indivisibly. Consistent: The transaction does not violate system invariants. Isolated: Concurrent transactions do not interfere with each other. Durable: Once a transaction commits, the changes are permanent. Transaction Processing Systems (3) Figure 1-9. A nested transaction. Transaction Processing Systems (4) Figure 1-10. The role of a TP monitor in distributed systems. Enterprise Application Integration Figure 1-11. Middleware as a communication facilitator in enterprise application integration. Distributed Pervasive Systems Requirements for pervasive systems Embrace contextual changes. Encourage