社会语言学第十一章 作业.docxVIP

Second Language Acquisition 刘颖econd language acquisition is a general term which refers to the acquisition of a second language, in contrast with first language acquisition. SLA is also used as a general term to refer to the acquisition of a foreign or subsequent language. Thus, SLA is primarily the study of how learners acquire or learn an additional language after they have acquired their first language. According to Krashen, acquisition refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. Learning, however, is defined by Krashen as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.But there are some differences between acquisition and learning. According to Krashen, acquisition refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. Learning, however, is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings. A second language, Krashen argues, is more commonly learned but to some degree may also be acquired, depending on the environmental setting and the input received by the second language learner. A rule can be learned before it is internalized, but having learned a rule does not necessarily prevent having to acquire it later. For example, an English language learner may have learned a rule like the third person singular -s, but is unable to articulate the correct form in casual and spontaneous conversation because the rule has not yet been acquired. This shows that conscious knowledge of rules does not ensure an immediate guidance for actual performance.Contrastive Analysis was developed in order to identify and predict the areas of learning difficulty. Given this approach, it was hypothesized that second language errors were predominantly the result of negative transfe