美国-改善公共交通、步行和自行车交通,促进城市精明增长和可持续发展(TOD)PPT.pptVIP

* This is a common pattern of development in the US in the last 50 years. It takes up land, and the automobile is the only effective transport mode. * * This is a portion of San Jose, also known as Silicon Valley. The area used to be planted in plum orchards. A light rail line is in the lower right hand corner of the picture, but not very many people use it because all the buildings are more convenient for cars than for transit (since people walk from transit.) San Jose Is now beginning to turn all those parking lots into office buildings and housing sites, to create a more attractive and walkable city. * As more people in the US acquired automobiles, we started focusing city planning on meeting the needs of the autos, and did not pay enough attention to other modes of travel. Too much emphasis on the automobile resulted in cities that were not very attractive as huge roads cut through neighborhoods and made walking not very comfortable or safe. This accelerated the move to suburbs where people lived on quiet local streets but drove everywhere - cars became a necessity . But it is increasingly recognized that this is not a healthy way to develop. * This cartoon expresses the American concern that we are paving over our natural areas and our cities are suffering from inattention * Smart growth principles aim to bring better balance to our development patterns and make development sustainable economically, socially and environmentally. * * * TOD 的核心内容包括： 密度Density 混合用地Diversity 城市与交通设计Design These cities built around their transportation systems, are historically older, but continue to refine and change their policies as new challenges emerge. They are also focused on reducing car dependency and encouraging more sustainable modes of transit such as bicycling. * * Parking needs to be priced right/Policies need to be in place to curb auto-dependency * Large blocks spur peds to take risks to get across the street. Most don’t want to use skybridges or walk the 3