英语语法(04动词A)PPT.ppt

英语被动态受限制的几种状况： 1.动词的限制（verb constraints）。不及物动词，联系动词及某些及物动词不能用被动语态。 They have a nice house. // Ive walked ten miles today. 2.宾语的限制（object constraints）。某些宾语如反身代词、相互代词、含有物主代词的宾语等，其动宾结构不能用被动态。非限定动词（短语）作宾语，其动宾结构一般也不能用被动式。 She could see herself in the mirror. // We could hardly see each other in the fog. 3. 施事的限制（agent constraints）。被动句的施事往往省略或难以言明，因而转换为主动句便受到限制。 Order has been restored without bloodshed. 4. 意义的限制（meaning constraints）。句中有助动词时，主动句转换成被动句，意思有时也跟着改变。 He can’t teach John. // John can’t be taught . 5. 频率的限制（frequency constraints）。被动句出现的频率与文体有关。所有被动句的多少表示由话题决定，也不是书面语或口语的区别，而是文体的区别。想象性的、文学性的文体，被动句较少；信息性的、理论性的文体，尤其是科学论述或新闻报导，被动句教多。 英汉被动意义表示法比较 汉语是分析性语言，没有词形变化，从而汉语的动词也没有被动态。但是汉语表示被动意义的标记还是有的，其中最重要的就是“被”字。除此之外，还有“受”，“挨”，“遭”，“给”，“叫”，“让”，“为…所”，“被…所”等等。 代表团受到广大群众的欢迎。 The delegation was welcomed by the masses. 屋里的东西都叫人拿走了。 All the things in the house were taken away by other people. 但有时，汉语里带有被动标记的句子，在英语里倒不一定非用被动句表示不可。 代表团受到热烈欢迎。 The delegation received a warm welcome. 在汉语里，还有一种不带被动标记的被动句(使用主动态更自然)，但在英语里却往往要用被动结构。 门锁好了。 The door has been locked up. 历史是劳动人民创造的。 History is created by the working people. 诗人是天生的，而演说家则是后天造就的。 Poets are born, but orators are made. 我们都认为, 有了警惕和实力,用你们的话说, 就可以推迟战争;用我们的话说,就可以避免战争。 We both believe that through vigilance and strength , in your words , a war can be postponed , and in our words, a war can be avoided. Moods of English verbs: Indicative: Class is over, and we can go home now. Imperative: Stand up! Let’s go home, too. Subjunctive: If I were you, I would go home right now. 命令语气比较简单，一般也没有动词形变，甚至可以不要动词。 Those who agree, put up your hand. Come on. Don’t be so silly. Hands up! Eyes left! Let’s (let him, let it ……) Cheers! (Bottom up!) 虚拟语气可分为：be型虚拟，were型虚拟。 be型虚拟（动词原形）表示命令、决定、建议、祝愿(诅咒)、推测、让步等等。如： The commander ordered that the Nazi murderers be shot. The doctor suggested that he stay in bed for a few days. It is important (necessary) that everyone be there on time. She