Chapter 16 Stress Physiology 植物生理学 教学课件.pptVIP

Plant Stress Physiology What is stress? Adverse environmental factors to plants, such as drought, waterlogging, salinity, high or low temperatures, air pollutes, high light (visible or UV lights), heavy metals, infection, grazing and et al. Stress Biotic Stress Aiotic Stress Diseases Herbivory Weeds Insects Water Temperature Light Nutrition Saline Heavy metals Oxygen Radiation ….. Plants’ Strategies To Cope with Stress Stress avoidance: special growth habits to avoid stress conditions Stress tolerance: Stress resistance: Plants response to stresses at various levels Morphological and anatomic modifications Commonly stress avoidance Evolutionary advanced Hard to improve immediately Physiological and molecular responses Stress tolerance or resistance Acclimated Current strategies for crop improvement Common physiological/molecularresponses to environmental stresses Membrane systems are the major targets of most abiotic stresses: Boundary Layer of cells and organelles Metabolic compartmentations Electron transport Signal perception ATP generation Solute transport Ion pumps Ion channels Carrier proteins Electrical excitability Anchoring points for proteins Aerobic life is associated with oxidative processes: Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS): Active Oxygen species (AOS) Hydrogen peroxide Superoxide anion Hydroxide radical Lipid peroxides Singlet oxygen Other oxygen-containing radicals Anti-oxidative system: Enzymes: SOD, POD, CAT, GR Low molecular weight anti-oxidants: GSH, Ascorbic acid, Cysteine, Carotenoids, Xanthin, phenol compounds, et al. Stress protection and injury repair are fulfilled by signal transduction and gene expression Proteins with direct protective functions HSP: Heat shock proteins AFP: Antifreeze proteins Osmotins: PRs: pathagen-related Proteins Metabolic pathways producing protective molecules Antioxidants Osmotic regulations Inorganic solutes: Na+, K+, Ca2+、Mg2+、Cl-、NO3-、SO42- Organic solutes: proline, betaines, sugars, amino acids Roles of p