Chapter 2 Structure and Properties of Organic Molecules 有机化学英文版教学课件（美国达拉斯社区学院） 《Organic Chemistry 5th Edition (L.G. Wade JR.)》.pptVIP

Chapter 2 Chapter 2Structure and Propertiesof Organic Molecules Jo Blackburn Richland College, Dallas, TX Dallas County Community College District ? 2003, Prentice Hall Wave Properties of Electrons Standing wave vibrates in fixed location. Wave function, ?, mathematical description of size, shape, orientation Amplitude may be positive or negative Node: amplitude is zero Wave Interactions Linear combination of atomic orbitals between different atoms is bond formation on the same atom is hybridization. Conservation of orbitals Waves that are in phase add together.Amplitude increases. Waves that are out of phase cancel out.  = Sigma Bonding Electron density lies between the nuclei. A bond may be formed by s-s, p-p, s-p, or hybridized orbital overlaps. The bonding MO is lower in energy than the original atomic orbitals. The antibonding MO is higher in energy than the atomic orbitals.  = H2: s-s overlap Cl2: p-p overlap HCl: s-p overlap Pi Bonding Pi bonds form after sigma bonds. Sideways overlap of parallel p orbitals. Multiple Bonds A double bond (2 pairs of shared electrons) consists of a sigma bond and a pi bond. A triple bond (3 pairs of shared electrons) consists of a sigma bond and two pi bonds. Molecular Shapes Bond angles cannot be explained with simple s and p orbitals. Use VSEPR theory. Hybridized orbitals are lower in energy because electron pairs are farther apart. Hybridization is LCAO within one atom, just prior to bonding.  = sp Hybrid Orbitals 2 VSEPR pairs Linear electron pair geometry 180° bond angle sp2 Hybrid Orbitals 3 VSEPR pairs Trigonal planar e- pair geometry 120° bond angle sp3 Hybrid Orbitals 4 VSEPR pairs Tetrahedral e- pair geometry 109.5° bond angle Sample Problems Predict the hybridization, geometry, and bo