l6_strat_concept 沉积地质学.pdf

Stratigraphy = Study of rock strata These strata preserve an integrated response of depositional systems to tectonics, sediment flux, sea level, subsidence, climate, and other environmental forcings. Strata are classified with respect to any one of many characteristics. For example: classification based on: Lithology “lithostratigraphy” Fossil content “biostratigraphy” Age “chronostratigraphy” Chemical composition “chemostratigraphy” Magnetic properties “magnetostratigraphy” Stratal geometries “sequence stratigraphy” Facies = Body of rock with specified characteristics Physical/chemical attributes “lithofacies” Fossil assemblages “biofacies” Tectonic significance ‘tectofacies” For sedimentary rocks, “homogeneous” means relatively constant facies. Formation = Lithologically distinctive, relatively homogeneous succession of strata that is mappable at 1:25,000 scale 1 History of Stratigraphic Concepts Superposition: Steno, 1669 Law of superposition: In any succession of strata, not subsequently disturbed or overturned since deposition, younger rocks lie above older rocks. Unconformities: Hutton, 1788 Surfaces separating strata that are not in immediate order of age (i.e. represent missing time). 1. Angular unconformity 2. Disconformity 3. Paraconformity 4. Nonconformity Faunal Succession: Smith, 1800 Law of faunal succession: Rocks formed during a particular interval of geologic time can be recognized and distinguished by their fossil content from rocks formed during other time intervals. Facies Succession: Walther, 1893 Walther’s Law: Facies occurring in conformable vertical