第二章Ammonia Synthesis p03-07.docVIP

Chapter 2 Ammonia Synthesis 2.1 Brief History Ammonia is an intermediate product in the manufacture of nitrogenous fertilizers. It is also used for direct application to the soil and in aqua condition with solutions of other nitrogenous fertilisers like ammonium nitrate and/or urea. Besides these, ammonia finds application in the production of nitric acid, soda ash, cleaning agents, leather tanning, petroleum refining, pulp paper industry, textiles, refrigeration, rubber synthetic resin industries, explosives and food beverage industries.  Fertilser ammonium sulfate, (NH4)2SO4 ammonium phosphate, (NH4)3PO4 ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3 urea, (NH2)2CO,also used in the production of barbiturates (sedatives), is made by the reaction of ammonia with carbon dioxide Chemicals nitric acid, HNO3, which is used in making explosives such as TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene), nitroglycerine which is also used as a vasodilator (a substance that dilates blood vessels) and PETN (pentaerythritol nitrate). sodium hydrogen carbonate (sodium bicarbonate), NaHCO3 sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 hydrogen cyanide (hydrocyanic acid), HCN hydrazine, N2H4 (used in rocket propulsion systems) Explosives ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3 Fibres Plastics nylon, -[(CH2)4-CO-NH-(CH2)6-NH-CO]-,and other polyamides Refrigeration used for making ice, large scale refrigeration plants, air-conditioning units in buildings and plants Pharmaceuticals used in the manufacture of drugs such as sulfonamide which inhibit the growth and multiplication of bacteria that require p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) for the biosynthesis of folic acids, anti-malarials and vitamins such as the B vitamins nicotinamide (niacinamide) and thiamine. Pulp Paper ammonium hydrogen sulfite, NH4HSO3, enables some hardwoods to be used Mining Metallurgy used in nitriding (bright annealing) steel,used in zinc and nickel extraction Ammonia (NH3) is one of the most familiar compounds of nitrogen and hydrogen as well as one of the worlds mos