经济学甲笔记.DOC

Chapter 1 What is Economics? Definition of Economics All economic question and problems arise from Scarcity Must choose along alternatives Economics: a science of choice, how choices are made to cope with scarcity 8 Big Ideas of Economics Choice, Tradeoff, and Opportunity Cost Opportunity cost is the highest-valued alternative we give up to get something Margins and Incentives Margin: Marginal Cost, Marginal Benefit: the whole point of deciding near the margin Incentive: inducement to take a particular action, can be carrot or stick Voluntary Exchange and Efficient Markets Voluntary Exchange: 雙方答應就交換了 ex: money for a basket of vegetable Efficient: 因為會把資源分配到最需要（價格最高）的地方 Market: where exchange takes place Market economy vs command economy(soviet union) Market Failure 有些情況，政府還是要出面，以免造成market failure a. 獨佔事業拉台價格 b. 廠商不考慮pollution等對於公共財產的危害 c. 國防預算等…沒人想自願出，只好由政府出面 Expenditure, Income, and the Value of Production Economy as a whole, expenditure = income = value of production Living Standards and Productivity Growth Living standards improve when production per person increases Increase in population increases net production, not average production 價格上揚，會使勞工收入增加，只是增加的剛好拿來支付物品漲價的錢 Inflation, a Monetary Problem Inflation: money increasing faster then production 用的好可以： 增加產量和就業機會 （因為公司又有一點資金） 用過頭： inflation orz Unemployment: Productive and Wasteful Productive: 當公司尋找對的人，人尋找對的公司時，造成的失業是有助於經濟成長 Wasteful: 因為技能不足or被裁員的失業 What Economists Do Microeconomics: 研究個人或者公司做的決定，和他們這些決定所引起的互動 Macroeconomics: 研究國家＆全球經濟。注重average price and total employment, income, production Cetebris paribus: Other things remain the same Fallacy of Composition: 個體行為的效果加總不一定＝整體效果 and vice versa Post Hoc Fallacy: A比B先發生，不代表A導致B Chapter 2 Reading Graphs There are 3 kinds of lies “lies, damned lies, and statistics” Chapter 3 The Economic Problem Resource and Wants Limited resources + unlimited wants = scarcity Economics is the study of the choices people make to cope with scarcity Resources, Production Possib