徐锡金《细胞学》汕头大学：细胞核R.pptVIP

* * * * * * As cells enter mitosis, microtubules attaching to the outer face of NE tear the NE resulting in formation of 1 to 3 large holes. Concomitantly, nuclear lamina (green) and NPC disassembly starts involving CDK1/cyclinB and PKC-dependent phosphorylation of lamins and nucleoporins. Nuclear membrane proteins are retracted into the ER, where they reside in metaphase.On the right, NPCs are visualized by immunostaining. The anti-Nup153 antibody decorates the nuclear rim in interphase cells (median) and gives rise to a dotty pattern on the nuclear surface. During mitosis, most nucleoporins are solubilized and released into the cytoplasm. (B) Scheme illustrating the maturation of 40S and 60S subunits. Concomitant with rRNA transcription, modification of rRNA and ribosome assembly starts, leading to a pre-90S particle, which contains rRNA processing and modification factors as well as many ribosomal proteins of the small subunit (rpS proteins). rRNA cleavage liberates a pre-40S particle. Pre-60S particles are formed by binding of rpL proteins and accessory factors to the rRNAs of the large subunit. After further remodeling steps in the nucleoplasm, preribosomal subunits are exported to the cytoplasm, export factors are released and the subunits undergo final maturation steps.HeLa cells were treated with Leptomycin B (LMB), a drug that inactivates the exportin CRM1 (right panel). Indirect immunofluorescence using antibodies to rpL23a and rpS6 reveals nuclear accumulation of both markers, indicating that export of both subunits depends on the CRM1 export pathway. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1.核仁的超微结构 (1)纤维中心 (fibrillar centers，FC) 电镜下为浅染的低电子密度区域,所含主要成分为rRNA基因rDNA。 纤维中心是rRNA基因rDNA的储存位点—核仁组织区 nucleolar organizing region，NOR 核仁组织区(NOR) 存在于特定染色体次缢痕处，含有主要rRNA基因(18S,28S,5.8S)的染色体区段。 rDNA→rRNA →核仁 一个NOR由一个DNA袢环组成，人类rRNA基因位于5条不同的染色体上(13、14、15、21、22)。多个NOR产生的核仁物质融合形成核仁。 核仁的化学本质是rRNA基因(rDNA)转录出的rRNA与核糖核蛋白(RNP)结合形成的结构。 rRNA合成旺盛