混沌之简介.ppt

* 混沌之簡介 A Brief Introduction of Chaos 交大應數96級　張永潔 土星的大紅斑即是混沌現象的例子 　　．差之毫厘，失之千里 　　?對初始條件的敏感性 　　　　　－ 古典西方科學：小誤差不會影響事物進行的方向 　　　　 － 混沌：初始條件的小差異，會造成往後行為的大大不同。 什麼是混沌？ 　　．蝴蝶效應(Butterfly Effect) 　　　　　－ 一隻在巴西的蝴蝶鼓翅飛翔，會在台灣誘發一場颱風嗎？ 　　　　　－ 勞倫茲(Edward N. Lorenz )的氣象小玩具 什麼是混沌？ 　　．不規則之中仍存在秩序 　　　　　－ 天氣看似無法準確預報，但又呈現年復一年相當程度的規律性。 　　　　　－可以對短期的行為做出有效的預測 什麼是混沌？ 　　．混沌理論 　　　　　－ 無週期、不可預測 　　　．混沌理論的重要性 　　　　　－ 應用：氣象、股票、生物數量… 什麼是混沌？ (Devaney’s Definition of Chaos) f:X→X 　　i) f is topologically transitive. transitive : for all non-empty open subsets U and V of X, there exists a natural number k such that fk(U)∩V is nonempty. ii) The periodic points of f are dense in X. The point x in X is a periodic point of period n if fn(x)=x, n: positive integer. iii) f has sensitive dependence on initial conditions. if there is a positive real number δ (a sensitivity constant) such that for every point x in X and every neighborhood N of x there exists a point y in N and a nonnegative integer n such that the nth iterates fn(x) and fn(y) of x and y respectively, are more than distanceδ apart. 混沌在數學上的定義 　　i) f is topologically transitive. transitive : for all non-empty open subsets U and V of X, there exists a natural number k such that fk(U)∩V is nonempty. Devaney’s Definition of Chaos 　　ii) The periodic points of f are dense in X. The point x in X is a periodic point of period n if fn(x)=x. the least positive n for which fn(x)=x is called the prime period of x. If for any two point a and b in X, a≠b, ab, and there exists a periodic point p that apb, then we called the periodic points of f are dense in X. (For example, Q dense in R where Q is the set of rational number and R is the set of real number.) Devaney’s Definition of Chaos 　　iii) f has sensitive dependence on initial conditions. if there is a positive real number δ (a sensitivity constant) such that for every point x in X and every neighborhood N of x there exists a point