语言学基础3.ppt

Rounded Unrounded Shape of lips Long Short Length of sound Phonology definition What does it study? Focus Approach Phonetics All the sounds of all languages production differences features transcription, classification Phonology All the sounds in one language forming patterns conveying meanings Phonology vs. Phonetics Speech sounds only Sounds meaning Phone Phonetic unit Not necessarily distinguish meaning Phonological elements seem team [si:m] [ti:m] stop [st?p] [sth?p] Different phones, same meaning 音素 Different sounds, different meanings Phoneme Phonological unit Not a particular sound Realized by a phone in a phonetic context May distinguish meaning Peak [phi:k] Speak [spi:k] /p/ One phoneme realized by two phones 音位 Allophone (of a phoneme) Different phones realizing a phoneme in different contexts 音位变体 /p/ [p] [ph] Phonemic distinctive features Phonemic contrast Complementary distribution Minimal pair Distinctive features Phonemic contrast Two different phonemes which can distinguish meaning 音位对立 [ti:m] [di:m] [ba:k] [pa:k] [la:k] Complementary distribution Two allophones of the same phoneme Which cannot distinguish meaning 互补分布 [st?p] [sth?p] [lip] [pi?] [dentl?] Minimal pair Two sound combinations similar except in one position 最小对立体 Minimal set Several sound combinations with similar minimal pairs /pil/ /bil/ /til/ /pil/ /bil/ Phonological rules Rules governing the combination of sounds in a particular language /klik/ /spri?/ /lkik/ /rspi?/ Sequential rules Assimilation rules Copying the feature from one sound to the next Impossible Illegal Deletion rule Deleting a sound in a context Sign Plough Suprasegmental features Features that occurs above the level of one sound segment Definition Stress Word stress `Import Im`port Phrase stress `Dining room Sleeping `baby Sentence stress `He `bought a `rose for `her. (4 possibilities) Stress Tone