新编简明英语语言学教程：Chapter+2-phonology-exercises.pptVIP

Chapter 2 Phonology Phonetics 语音学 2.3.1 phonology and phonetics broad transcription narrow transcription leap [li:p] clear [l] feel [fi: ?] dark [?] 2.3.1 phonology and phonetics ii) Differences phonetics phonology two sounds the differences in pronunciation between these two sounds the two versions of the same one basic entity the two sounds are fundamentally the same—in conveying meaning to find the pattern of distribution leap [li:p] ---- clear [l] before a vowel peel [pi: ? ]----dark [?] after a vowel at the end of a word 2.3.2 phoneme, phone and allophone The way to describe phoneme: With phonetic features. a single feature has two values: [+] and [-] /f/--/v/ /f/: [-voiced] [+labio-dental] [+fricative] /v/: [+voiced] [+labio-dental] [+fricative] /f/--/v/: the distinctive features are [+/- voiced] 2.3.2 phoneme, phone and allophone distinctive features: The features that a phoneme possesses, making it different from other phonemes, are its distinctive features. seat/si:t/--sit/sit/ /i:/: [+front] [+close] [+tense] /i/: [+front] [+close] [-tense] /i:/--/i/ : the distinctive features are [+/- tense] 2.3.2 phoneme, phone and allophone phoneme and allophone leap [li:p] ---- clear [l] peel [pi:?] ---- dark [?] /l/ phoneme is realized by phones: clear [l] and dark [?]. [l] [? ] are allophones of phoneme /l/ 2.3.2 phoneme, phone and allophone allophones: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments. peak—aspirated [ph] speak—unaspirated [p=] /p/ phoneme is realized by phones: aspirated [ph] unaspirated [p=] aspirated [ph] unaspirated [p=] are allophones of phoneme /p/ . The distinction between phonemes and allophones sink/zink /s/--/z/; fine/vine /f/--/v/ Substituting one phoneme for another result in a word with a different pronunciation meaning speak—unaspirated [p=] speak—aspirated [ph] Substituting allophones only results in a different