Cardiovascular physiology：心血管生理学.docVIP

Cardiovascular physiology The circulatory system is responsible for the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to all cells, as well as the removal of carbon dioxide and waste products, maintenance of optimum pH, and the mobility of the elements, proteins and cells of the immune system. Arteries carry oxygenated blood (with the exception of the pulmonary artery and umbilical artery). that carry blood from the heart to other parts of the body are known as systemic arteries while those that carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs are known as pulmonary arteries. The inner layers of the arteries are generally made of thick muscles which is why the blood moves through it slowly. Pressure is built up and arteries are required to maintain their thickness to withstand the strain they endure. Veins carry deoxygenated blood (with the exception of pulmonary veins and umbilical vein). The coronary circulation. The heart is made up of four main chambers, two ventricles and two atria. Oxygen-depleted blood from the body enters the heart (the right atrium) through the superior (upper) vena cava and inferior (lower) vena cava. The blood is then pumped through the tricuspid valve (or right atrioventricular valve), into the right ventricle. Blood is then pumped through the pulmonary valve and into the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs, where it releases carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen during respiration. The oxygenated blood then leaves the lungs through pulmonary veins, which return it to the left heart, completing the pulmonary cycle. This blood then enters the left atrium, which pumps it through the bicuspid valve, also called the mitral or left atrioventricular valve, into the left ventricle. The blood is then distributed to the body through the systemic circulation before returning again to the pulmonary circulation. The atria contract simultaneously, and as they start to relax