GeneReplicationandExpression文件材料.ppt

ⅡA: TFⅡA (其他类似) Pol Ⅱ:RNA polymerase Ⅱ TBP: TATA box binding protein TAF: TATA box associated protein USA: ? Mediator: 中间介导物 TFⅢA： 特异性结合与C box；装配因子，有利于TFⅢC的结合。 TFⅢC: 装配因子，有助于TFⅢB的定位。一旦TFⅢB结合，即使TFⅢC脱落也对转录起始没有影响。 TFⅢB：多亚基，含通用转录因子TBF；结合于A box上游约50bp处，其结合序列无特异性，似乎与TFⅢC的结合位点有关。 注：一些polⅢ 基因（如：U6 snRNA基因）的转录起始由 +1 的上游的调控序列控制，这些序列与polⅡ基因的启动子相似。 In eucaryote, the transcription termination is different from that in prokaryote.(真核生物的转录终止与原核生物不同) polyadenylation signal Poly(A) addition site: the terminus signal but not the terminator （PolyA信号和加尾信号是终止信号但不等同于终止子） Terminate downstream（终止位点在终止信号的下游） 原核生物中不同：其rDNA 基因镞中有tRNA基因在内，加工时通过内切核酸酶的作用产生rRNA和tRNA。 真核生物则是通过内切、外切的作用进行加工。 1、断裂基因：见pol Ⅱ基因结构 2、加工时，内含子被剪接除去。 3、剪接是可变的：同样的基因经过可变剪接后产生不同的mRNA，被翻译成蛋白质执行特定功能。可变剪接大大拓展了基因携带的信息。 4、内含子的剪接方式不同。 Striated muscle: 横纹肌 Smooth muscle: 平滑肌 Myoblast: 成肌细胞 Hepatoma: 肝细胞瘤 RNA editing occurs by two distinct mechanisms: Substitution Editing: chemical alteration of individual nucleotides (the equivalent of point mutations). These alterations are catalyzed by enzymes that recognize a specific target sequence of nucleotides (much like restriction enzymes): cytidine deaminases that convert a C in the RNA to uracil (U); adenosine deaminases that convert an A to inosine (I), which the ribosome translates as a G. Thus a CAG codon (for Gln) can be converted to a CGG codon (for Arg).  Insertion/Deletion Editing: insertion or deletion of nucleotides in the RNA. These alterations are mediated by guide RNA molecules that base-pair as best they can with the RNA to be edited and serve as a template for the addition (or removal) of nucleotides in the target apolipoprotein B-100 （阿扑脂蛋白） — a protein containing 4,563 amino acids — that is essential for the transport of cholesterol and other lipids in the blood In prokaryote short half-life:转录、翻译、降解同时进行；单个的不同的mRNA的寿命长短不同，但是就整体而言，寿命较真核生物的短 poly-cistron：多顺反子。上游顺反子的翻译可能影响下游顺反子的翻译，可能导致翻译极性（见基因表达调控一章） Starting codon SD sequence：多AUG，少GUG、UUG；含SD序列翻译调控 In e