[工学]3 空间信息基础及空间数据.ppt

第三章 空间信息基础及空间数据 二、空间对象（实体）的遥感影像表达 （1）点实体 （2）线实体 （3）面实体 （3）面实体（续） （4）体 Spatial data Objects or entities that are referenced by their location - Latitude / longitude coordinates - x / y coordinates - Street address - Administrative unit Attribute data Data that are linked to the spatial objects - Census data by administrative unit - Land parcel ownership records - Soil or vegetation characteristics - Health records by medical center - Road quality information Attribute relations 第四节 数据的测量尺度 命名量：定性而不定量。只对特定现象进行标识，赋予一定的数值或符号而不定量描述。 Nominal variables are those which are described by name, with no specific order. Categories of land use (such as parks, wilderness areas, residential districts, and central business districts) and trees (such as Eucalyptus calophylla, Pinus coulteri, and Quercus agrifolia) are different kinds of nominal variables. These are common in many kinds of thematic maps. 次序量：线性坐标上不按值得大小，而是按顺序排列的数；次序测量尺度是基于对现象进行排序来标识的。 Ordinal variables are lists of discrete classes, but with an inherent order. Classes of streams (first order, second order, and so forth; referring to the number of tributaries which contribute to the stream) or levels of education (primary, secondary, college, post-graduate) are ordinal variables since the discrete classes have a natural sequence. 间隔量：不参照某个固定点，而是按间隔表示相对位置的数据。如：温度。 Interval variables have a natural sequence, but in addition, the distances between the values have meaning. Temperature measured in degrees Celsius is an interval variable, since the distance between 10C and 20C is the same as the distance between 20C and 30C. 比率量：比例测量尺度的测量值指那些有真零值而且测量单位的间隔是相等的数据，比例测量尺度与使用的测量单位无关。 Ratio variables have the same characteristic as interval variables, but in addition, they have a natural zero or starting point. Since degrees Celsius is a measurement with an arbitrary zero point, the freezing point of pure water, it fails the latter test. 3. 遥感数据的质量问题 （1）来自遥感仪器的观测过程；