[英语学习]Chapter Two 1.pptVIP

How Speech Sounds Are Made ? Lesson One 从句法语篇界面看语言学的整合研究 作者：苗兴伟 （山东大学，教授，博导） 发表于《中国外语》 语言科学中的分工与整合 现代语言学奠基者Saussure关于“语言”和“言语”的划分对语言学研究产生了深远的影响。在Saussure研究 的是抽象的“语言”，而不是实际使用中的“言语”。因此很长一段时间里语言学讲语言看做是一个“自主”的系统，并把语言分解成不同的领域或模块分别进行研究。从音位学到形态学再到句法学，所有这些领域的产生都是建立在这样一种假设之上：语言是由理论单元构成的系统，这些系统包含着用来组织和生成实际的语言材料的底层模式和规则。 Speech and writing are two media for language. Speech is prior to writing, so speech is more basic than writing. Speech sounds: are produced only by humans, meaningful in human communication and with which linguists are concerned. As human beings we are capable of making all kinds of sounds, but only some of these sounds have become units in the language system. We can analyze speech sounds from various perspectives and the two major areas of study are phonetics and phonology. Phonetics and its branches Phonetics: Phonetics is the science which studies the characteristics of human sound-making, especially those sounds used in speech and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. Articulatory Phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds. Acoustic Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech. Auditory Phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds. Phonology Phonology is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. It aims to ‘discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur’. In phonology we normally begin by analyzing an individual language, say English, in order to determine its phonological structure, i.e. which sound units are used and how they are put together. 音系学研究的一般方法是：首先从一门具体语言（如英语）开始，确定其音系结构，即使用了哪些语音单位，这些语音单位如何进行组合。 Then we compare the properties of sound systems in different languages in order to make hypotheses about the rules that underlie the use of sounds in them. 然后把不同语言语音系