斯坦福大学和硅谷：成为一个高科技地区的经验教训[外文翻译].docVIP

本科毕业论文外文翻译 外文题目：Stanford and Silicon Valley: LESSONS ON BECOMING A HIGH-TECH REGION 出 处： California Management Review 作 者： Adams, Stephen B. Stanford and Silicon Valley: LESSONS ON BECOMING A HIGH-TECH REGION BY Adams, Stephen B. One of the most striking economic developments of the latter half of the twentieth century was the appearance of clusters of high-tech firms in places such as Silicon Valley, Route 128, Research Triangle, and Bangalore. The age of globalization has paradoxically been accompanied by increased concentrations of related economic activities, what Ann Markusen refers to as sticky places within slippery space. These new outposts on the frontier of the knowledge economy differed from previous clusters in many ways, including what they lacked: the need for immediate access to raw materials, to transportation nodes, and to skilled blue-collar labor. The rise of such clusters coincides with a dramatic shift of wealth creation from tangible assets (such as equipment) and natural resources to intangible (knowledge-based) assets. From the 1950s to the 1990s, the percentage of knowledge (as opposed to foodstuffs, materials, or minerals) in U.S. manufacturing value-added increased from 20 percent to 70 percent. One element that many successful high-tech regions share is one or more academic anchors, as the role of universities shifted from a relatively independent focus on the search for and dissemination of knowledge to a key position in what Etkowitz and Leydesdorff call a triple helix of university-industry-government relations. Route 128 has MIT and Harvard. Research Triangle has the University of North Carolina, Duke, and North Carolina State. Austin has the University of Texas. Bangalore has the Indian Institute of Technology. Silicon Valley has Stanford University. Although there is general ag