[理学]大气化学.pptVIP

Chapter 5Atmospheric Chemistry 1.1 引言 大气化学是大气科学的一门新兴分支学科 始于100多年前对大气组成的认识; 发展于上世纪20年代对对大气臭氧的研究 过去几十年大气化学得到了飞速发展,其原因: 紧迫的环境问题研究的需要 臭氧减少，城市空气污染，酸雨，光化学烟雾等 气候变化研究的需要 目前世界面临的最严重的环境问题 几个主要的大气化学课题 平流层臭氧损耗 对流层臭氧增加 酸沉降 大气气溶胶 大气化学与气候变化 5.1 Composition of Tropospheric Air 5.2 Sources, Transport and Sinks of Trace Gases微量气体的源、输送和汇 5.2.1 Sources a. Biogenic （生物源） 包括生物的自然排放和生物质燃烧 About 80% of the CH4 in air derives from the decay of recent organic materials（有机物腐烂） (rather than fossil fuels) through cud-chewing animals (cows, etc.)（反刍动物）, termites(白蚁）, rice paddies （稻田）and wetlands（湿地）. Biological processes (often by microbes)（生物和微生物过程） convert N2 into NH3 (primarily via animal urine and soils), N2O （氧化亚氮，一氧化二氮）and NO. 海洋源 Regions of the ocean with high organic content and biological productivity(e.g., upwelling regions, coastal waters and salt marshes) are a major source of CS2（二硫化碳） and carbonyl sulfide (COS)（氧硫化碳）. Phytoplankton are the major source of atmospheric DMS（二甲基硫） and dimethyldisulfide (CH3SSCH3). DMS is oxidized to SO2 and then to sulfate aerosols（硫酸盐气溶胶）. Several thousand volatile organic compounds (VOCs)（挥发性有机物）, emitted by plants(植物） ， anthropogenic sources（人为源，主要是汽油燃烧） and the evaporation of solvents（溶剂的挥发） VOCs的重要成分 isoprene (C5H8)（异戊二烯） ethene (C2H4) （乙烯） monoterpenes（单萜烯） Isoprene（异戊二烯） accounts for ～50% of the NMHC（非甲烷烃）. The photooxidation（光致氧化） of isoprene（异戊二烯）can produce compounds that have vapor pressures low enough for them to condense onto preexisting particles. This process could account for ～5—20% of the annual secondary organic aerosol （二次有机气溶胶）from biogenic sources. b. Solid Earth volcanoes emit H2O, CO2, SO2, H2S, COS, HCl, hydrogen fluoride (HF), hydrogen bromide (HBr), CH4, CH3Cl, H2, CO and heavy metals (e.g., mercury (Hg)). Rocks are the major sources of He, Ar and radon (Rn) in the atmosphere. c. Oceanic The oceans are an atmospheric source for many gases produced by biological activity, particularl