[理学]第08讲 hazard reduction precedence.pptVIP

6 Hazard Reduction Precedence ——减少危害的优先次序 词汇 Precedent n.先例 Precedence n.优先, 居先 hierarchy n.层次，层级 Illustrate vt.举例说明, 图解, 阐明； vi.举例 Asphyxiate vi.窒息 vt.使窒息 Asphyxiation n.窒息 Translation －paragraph 1 NASA has developed an extremely useful hierarchy of hazard reduction. This method is applicable to all industries. 美国国家航空和宇宙航行局开发了一种非常有用的分层次降低危害的方法。这种方法可应用于所有行业。 The first step is to “design out” the hazard. If this is not possible, then the next best is to use safety devices. 第一步就是设计出危害（安全设计？）。如果这一步不可能实现，那么下一个最好的选择是应用安全装置。 Translation －paragraph 1 If safety devices are not sufficient control, then cautions and warnings can be applied. 如果安全装置不能有效控制，那么就要应用警告了。 And finally, special procedures and training can be used to control the hazard or mitigate the consequences. 最后，应用专门的程序和训练来控制危害和减轻其结果。 Translation －paragraph 2 6.1 “Design out” the Hazard 6.1“设计出”危害（安全设计） The first step, and always the best (from a safety-only viewpoint), is to “design out” the hazard—take the hazard out of the system completely. 第一步，常常是最优的（仅从安全的观点出发），就是“设计出”危害—也就是把危害完全排除在系统之外。 For example, four things are required for a fire: combustible material, oxygen, chemical reaction, and an ignition source. If one leg is taken out of the fire tetrahedron, then it is physically impossible to have a fire. 例如，火灾由四个因素构成：易燃物，氧气，化学反应和引火源。如果在火灾四面体中去掉任何一个因素，那么，火灾就完全不可能发生了。 Translation －paragraph 2 Engineering talent really comes into play in trying to decide which of the four legs should be designed out. 工程技术的真正应用就是设法决定针对四个因素中哪一个作出设计。 The system can be hermetically sealed and back-filled with dry nitrogen gas (taking away the oxygen). 可以对系统采用密封并用干燥的氮气回吹的方法(可以带走氧气)； Translation －paragraph 2 Or the system can be fabricated out of material that has a very high flash point (assuring that the electrical cable can never reach the burning temperature of its insulation, under all electrical load conditions). 或者采用燃点非常高的材料来建造系统（保证在满电力负载条件下，电缆永远不会达到其绝缘的燃烧温度）； Another sol