R – a brief introduction Szymon Stoma.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Lists (3/4) The names of components may be abbreviated down to the minimum number of letters needed to identify them uniquely. Syntactic quicksand: aa[[1]] is the first component of aa aa[1] is the sublist consisting of the first component of aa only. There are functions whose return value is a list(and not a vector / matrix / array) Lists are very flexible my.list - list(c(5,4,-1),c(X1,X2,X3)) my.list [[1]]: [1] 5 4 -1 [[2]]: [1] X1 X2 X3 my.list[[1]] [1] 5 4 -1 my.list - list(component1=c(5,4,-1),component2=c(X1,X2,X3)) my.list$component2[2:3] [1] X2 X3 Lists: Session Empl - list(employee=“Anna”, spouse=“Fred”, children=3, child.ages=c(3,7,9)) Empl[[1]] # You’d achieve the same with: Empl$employee “Anna” Empl[[4]][2] 7 # You’d achieve the same with: Empl$child.ages[2] Empl$child.a [1] 3 7 9 # You can shortcut child.ages as child.a Empl[4] # a sublist consisting of the 4th component of Empl $child.ages [1] 3 7 9 names(Empl) [1] “employee” “spouse” “children” “child.ages” unlist(Empl) # converts it to a vector. Mixed types will be converted to strings, giving a string vector. R as a “better gnuplot”:Graphics in R plot(): Scatterplots A scatterplot is a standard two-dimensional (X,Y) plot Used to examine the relationship between two (continuous) variables If x and y are vectors, thenplot(x,y) produces a scatterplot of x against y I.e., do a point at coordinates (x[1], y[1]), then (x[2], y[2]), etc. plot(y) produces a time series plot if y is a numeric vector or time series object. I.e., do a point a coordinates (1,y[1]), then (2, y[2]), etc. plot() takes lots of arguments to make it look fancier= help(plot) Example: Graphics with plot() plot(rnorm(100),rnorm(100)) The function rnorm() Simulates a random normal distribution . Help ?rnorm, and ?runif, ?rexp, ?binom, ... Line plots Sometimes you don’t want