蛋白晶体学lecture2.ppt

Miller indices Symmetry elements: rotation Symmetry elements: rotation Symmetry elements: mirror plane and inversion center Symmetries in crystallography Crystal systems Lattice systems Space group symmetry Point group symmetry Laue symmetry, Patterson symmetry Crystal system Crystals are grouped into seven crystal systems, according to characteristic symmetry of their unit cell. The characteristic symmetry of a crystal is a combination of one or more rotations and inversions. Lattices In 1848, Auguste Bravais demonstrated that in a 3-dimensional system there are fourteen possible lattices A Bravais lattice is an infinite array of discrete points with identical environment seven crystal systems + four lattice centering types = 14 Bravais lattices Lattices are characterized by translation symmetry Tetragonal lattices are either primitive (P) or body-centered (I) Monoclinic lattices are either primitive or C centered Point group symmetry Inorganic crystals usually have perfect shape which reflects their internal symmetry Point groups are originally used to describe the symmetry of crystal. Point group symmetry does not consider translation. Included symmetry elements are rotation, mirror plane, center of symmetry, rotary inversion. Point group symmetry diagrams There are a total of 32 point groups N-fold axes with n=5 or n6 does not occur in crystals Laue class, Patterson symmetry Laue class corresponds to symmetry of reciprocal space (diffraction pattern) Patterson symmetry is Laue class plus allowed Bravais centering (Patterson map) Space group P1 Space group P1bar Space group P2 Space group P21 Coordinate triplets, equivalent positions Space group determination Symmetry in diffraction pattern Systematic absences Space groups with mirror planes and inversion centers do not apply to protein crystals, leaving only 65 possible space groups. Matthew Coefficient Matthews found that for many protein crystals the ratio of the unit cell volume and the molecula