1-1质点振动学.pptVIP

FUNDAMENTALS OF ACOUSTICS Particles Vibrating Systems 阻力一般是速度的函数，在速度不大时可认为取如下线性关系 若对任意时间成立，则必满足 1.3 FORCED OSCILLATIONS 1 . A simple oscillator, when driven by an externally applied force F, the differential equation for the motion becomes: If F=Facosωt, and it will be advantageous to replace the real driving force Facosωt by its equivalent complex driving force f=Fa exp(jωt )we can write in the form: 2. In a damping of the oscillations,the differential equation for the motion becomes Ω≈ω0 The dimensions of mechanical impedance are the same as those of mechanical resistance and are expressed in the same units, N.s/m, often defined as mechanical ohms.(力欧姆) It is to be emphasized that , although the mechanical ohm is analogous to the electrical ohm, these two quantities do not have the same units. The electrical ohm has the dimensions of voltage divided by current; The mechanical ohm has the dimensions of force divided by speed. For the case of a sinusoidal driving force f(t)=Fmcos(ωt) applied to the oscillator at some initial time, the solution of (1-3) is the sum of two parts –a transient term containing two arbitrary constants and a steady-state term which depends on F and ω but does not contain any arbitrary constants. The transient term is obtained by setting F equal to zero. The arbitrary constants are determined by applying the initial conditions to the total solution. After a sufficient time interval, The damping term makes this portion of the solution negligible. Leaving only the steady –state term whose angular frequency ω is that of the driving force。 * * x M K 1-1 质点的简谐振动 ? O 1 动力学方程及振动方程 2 质点振动速度与加速度 三要素：振幅，频率，相位 3 固有频率与周期 角频率 4 振动能量 5 多弹簧串连和并联系统的振动 串联等效弹性系数 并联等效弹性系数 弹簧质量对系统固有频率的影响（自学内容） 6 振动问题的复数表示 讨论振动或波动问题时，为简化数学处理，常用复数形式来表示振动或波动问题的解。已知(Euler方程) 简谐振动一般解可表示为（上式线性组合） 缺点是不直观，但可以将结果还原（取实部或虚部） 如 为简便一般省略Re 1-2 质点的衰减振动 当质点在媒质中振动时，会受到媒质的阻尼作用，这种阻尼作用可能是振动物体与周围媒质之间的粘滞摩擦的效果；也可能是振动物体向周围媒质辐射声波的效果。前者使振动能逐渐转化为热能；后者振动能逐渐转化为声能，虽然