第十二章国际贸易.docVIP

第十二章 国际贸易 International business New Words: expansion 扩展 venture 公司；企业 astronomical天文的 absolute advantage绝对优势 comparative advantage比较优势 uneven不平坦的；不规则的 be endowed with使天生具有人（任何好的品质或能力） labor force劳动人口 doctrine教义 involvement 涉及，牵连 monopolize垄断，独占 jeopardize使受到伤害、损失或破坏 tangible有形的 confidentiality机密 colossal巨大的，广大的 impose将。。。强加 curtail缩短，减少 package包装 labeling标签 一、为什么与别过进行贸易why trade with other countries? 一国与另一国进行交易的原因很多。有些国家进行贸易是因为他们不能种植或生产自己需要的产品。另一些国家进行贸易是因为它们种植或生产地效率不如其他国家。还有些国家进行贸易是因为它们种植或生产某些产品比其他产品的效率高。 There are many reasons why countries trade with one another. Some countries trade because they cannot grow or produce the goods they need; other trade because they cannot grow or produce the goods as efficiently as other countries; still others trade because they can grow or produce certain goods ore efficiently than they can other foods. 优势有两大类型：绝对优势absolute advantage和比较优势comparative advantage 绝对优势：一个国家制造某样东西比其他国家更好或者成本更低则存在绝对优势。 An absolute advantage exists when a country can make something better or more cheaply than anyone else. 如哥伦比亚、巴西和中国云南在种植咖啡上有比较优势。自然资源分布不均衡也能带给一些国家绝对优势。如南非有开采金矿的优势。 For example, Colombia, Brazil and China’s Yunnan Province have an absolute advantage in growing coffee beans, because in terms of climate those areas are more favorable for growing coffee beans than other parts of the world. 比较优势：最常见的优势是比较优势。More common is comparative advantage. 大卫·李嘉图1817年提出经典例子：假设葡萄牙在生产葡萄酒和布料上都比英国有优势，但生产葡萄酒的优势更大；另一方面，英国在葡萄酒和布料生产上都没有优势，但生产布料的劣势相对小些。如果葡萄牙专攻酿酒，英国专攻布料生产并交易彼此需要的货物，双方将都会受益。 Below is a classic example given by David Ricardo in 1817. Assume Portugal has an advantage over Britain in producing both wine and cloth, but the advantage in producing wine is greater than that in cloth. On the other hand, Britain has a disadvantage in producing both wine and cloth, but the disadvantage is smaller in producing cloth than that in wine. Therefore it would benefit both countries if Portugal specializes in making wine and Britain in cloth, and then trade with ea