[理学]线性代数II-chapter11.ppt

* Prof Liubiyu Matrix (matrices) 矩阵 A column vector 行向量 A square matrix 方阵 A row vector 列向量 A diagonal matrix 对角阵 An identity matrix 单位阵 An upper triangular matrix 上三角阵 A lower triangular matrix 下三角阵 A symmetric matrix 对称阵 A skew-symmetric matrix 反对称阵 Row-echelon form 行阶梯型 New Words array 排列 column 列 algebraic operations 代数运算 row 行 addition 加法 subtraction 减法 multiplication 乘法 entry 表值,元素 the transpose of a matrix 矩阵的转置 commutative 可交换的 associative 可结合的 distributive 可分配的 New Words Linear algebra is a branch of mathematics dealing with matrices and vector spaces. Matrices have been introduced here as a handy tool for solving systems of linear equations, determining linear dependence of vectors and solving the problem of eigenvalue and eigenvector. They have also many applications in the other fields, such as statistics, economics, engineering, physics, chemistry, biology and business. Contents §1.1 Matrices and matrix operations §1.2 Determinants §1.3 Cramer rule §1.4 Inverse matrices and partitioned matrices 1. The Definition of Matrices This section will consider matrices and their operations. We will define algebraic operations such as addition, subtraction, and multiplication of matrices. Definition 1 §1.1 Matrices and matrix operations Remarks (3) The term matrix was first introduced by British mathematician James Joseph Sylvester in 1890. The followings are some kinds of special matrices: The diagonal matrices form an important class of matrices in the matrix theory. Matrices that can be transformed to diagonal matrices by premultiplying and postmultiplying with suitable matrices are of special importance. Like diagonal matrices, triangular matrices form an important class of matrices in the matrix theory. (i) A matrix is in reduced row echelon form if (1). It is in row echelon form;