[精品][精]Operating System Concepts–7th Edition,Jan 14,2005文档.pptVIP

Operating System Design and Implementation (Cont.) Important principle to separate WHAT from HOW Policy: What will be done? Mechanism: How to do it? The separation of policy from mechanism is a very important principle, it allows maximum flexibility if policy decisions are to be changed later Example: I need a searchable set (WHAT) Could be a hash table (HOW) Could be a binary search tree (HOW) Simple Structure MS-DOS – Written to provide most functionality using least space Not divided into modules Kind of like a big ball of mud Although MS-DOS has some structure, its interfaces and levels of functionality are not well separated Originally designed for the Intel 8088 architecture 8088 had no dual-mode bit (kernel versus user modes) MS-DOS had no choice but to leave the base hardware accessible to application programs Huge implications for security and protection MS-DOS Layer Structure Layered Approach The operating system is divided into a number of layers (levels), each built on top of lower layers. The bottom layer (layer 0), is the hardware; the highest (layer N) is the user interface. With modularity, layers are selected such that each uses functions (operations) and services of only lower-level layers Makes testing and validation somewhat easier Layered Operating System What is the purpose of testing? To verify correctness? Nope. That’s just Americana and apple pie. Answer: To witness the existence of defects. A successful test case is one that reveals a defect Note: Testing is different than Debugging Successful testing reveals the existence of defects Debugging identifies and corrects the cause of defects UNIX UNIX – limited by hardware functionality, the original UNIX operating system had limited structuring. The UNIX OS consists of two separable parts Systems programs The kernel Consists of everything below the system-call interface and above the physical hardware Provides the file system, CPU scheduling, memory management, and other oper