[医学]第十二章 翻译.ppt

第十二章 蛋白质的生物合成  -----翻 译 Protein Biosynthesis，Translation 第一节蛋白质生物合成体系 Protein Biosynthesis System *蛋白质生物合成体系 从简单的病毒到高等的人类，几乎使用同一套遗传密码，因此，遗传密码表中的这套“通用密码”基本上适用于生物界的所有物种，具有通用性。 密码的通用性进一步证明各种生物进化自同一祖先。 第二节氨基酸的活化 Activation of Amino Acids 第三节肽链的生物合成过程 The Biosynthesis Process of Peptide Chain 第五节蛋白质生物合成的干扰和抑制 Interference and Inhibition of Protein Biosynthesis （二）干扰素 干扰素(interferon, IFN)是真核细胞被病毒感染后分泌的一类具有抗病毒作用的蛋白质，可抑制病毒的繁殖。 干扰素分为α-（白细胞）型、β-（成纤维细胞）型和γ-（淋巴细胞）型三大类，每类各有亚型，分别具有其特异作用。 summary 1. The genetic code consists of three-nucleotide codons. The code is commaless and degenerate; the first two nucleotides of the three-letter code are often sufficient; and there are special codons for the initiation and termination of peptide synthesis. 2. An aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase catalyzes the addition of a specific amino acid to the acceptor stem of the appropriate tRNA, producing an aminoacyl-tRNA. 3. Ribosomes are the RNA-protein complex. The growing polypeptide chain is attached to a tRNA in the peptidyl (P) site of the ribosome, and the aminoacyl-tRNA molecule bearing the next amino acid to be added to the nascent polypeptide chain docks in the aminoacyl (A) site. 4. Translation begins with the formation of an initiation complex consisting of an initiator tRNA, the mRNA template, the ribosomal subunits, and several initiation factors. In prokaryotes, initiation occurs just downstream of Shine-Dalgarno sequence. 5. The elongation step of translation requires accessory proteins called elongation factors. The three steps of elongation are(1)positioning of the correct aminoacyl-tRNA in A site, (2)formation of the peptide bond by peptidyl transferase, and (3) translocation of the ribosome by one codon. 6. Release factors recognize termination codons and catalyze the termination of protein synthesis and disassembly of the translation complex. 7. Many proteins are posttranslationally modified. Some eukaryotic proteins destined for secretion containing N-terminal s