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14.127 Lecture 8. Crossroads
of economics and cognitive
science
Xavier Gabaix
April 1, 2004
Ultimatum Game
1. Proposer (P) proposes x
2. Receiver (R) accepts or rejects
3. If R rejected both get 0,
if R accepted, R gets x, and P gets 10-x
Sanfey and Cohen’s ultimatum experiment
(Sanfey et al 2003, Science, v. 300, p. 1755)
• 30 subjects neuroimaged (fMRI) in the responder
position of the ultimatum game
• Particular neural loci are disproportionately
activated when subjects receive unfair offers from
humans (as opposed to fair offers from humans or
fair and unfair offers from computers)
– Bilateral anterior insula
– Anterior cingulate cortex
– Right dorsolateral prefontal cortex
• Disproportionate right anterior insula activation
correlates with the decision to reject unfair offers
from humans (affective neural locus)
Reveal Reveal Reveal Reveal Reveal
Fixation Partner Offer Options Outcome
+ Kelly gets $8 Accept Reject Kelly gets $0
You get $2 You get $0
12 sec 6 sec 6 sec 6 sec 6 sec
Subject
A
Decides
100
90
s 80
e
t 70
a
R
e 60
c
n
a 50
t
p
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