[考研英语]英语语言学.docVIP

　一、绪论 　　语言学的定义　　语言学的研究范畴　　几对基本概念　　语言的定义　　语言的甄别特征 　　What is linguistics? 什么是语言学？　　Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general. 语言学是对语言科学地进行研究的学科。语言学所要研究的不是某一种特定的语言，而是人类所有语言的特性。 　　The scope of linguistics 语言学研究的范畴　　Phonetics语音学\Phonology音系学\Morphology形态学\Syntax句法学\Semantics语义学\Pragmatics语用学\Sociolinguistics社会语言学\Psycholinguistics心理语言学\Applied linguistics应用语言学 　　Prescriptive vs. descriptive 规定性与描述性　　Descriptive：a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use.　　Prescriptive: it aims lay down rules for correct behavior.　　Modern linguistics is descriptive; its investigations are based on authentic, and mainly spoken data.　　Traditional grammar is prescriptive; it is based on high written language 　　Synchronic vs. diachronic 共时性与历史性　　The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study　　The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study　　In modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study. 　　Speech and writing 口头语与书面语　　Speech enjoys priority over writing in modern linguistics study for the following reasons:　　（1） speech precedes writing in terms of evolution　　（2） a large amount of communication is carried out in speech tan in writing　　（3） speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language 　　Language and parole 语言与言语　　Language refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community　　Parole refers to the realization of language in actual use 　　Competence and performance 能力与运用　　Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language　　Performance: the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication 　　What is language? 什么是语言？　　Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication　　Characteristics of language: 语言的特性　　Language is a rule-governed