cisco培训04-Introduction_to_QoS.ppt

James WuTechnical Consultantjawu@Asia Pac SP Operation Chapter 4 - Introduction to QoS Why IP QoS? Application X is slow. Video broadcast occasionally stalls. Phone calls over IP are no better than over satellite. Phone calls can have very bad voice quality. ATMs (the money-dispensing type) are nonresponsive. Because ... Application X is slow! (not enough bandwidth) Video broadcast occasionally stalls! (delay temporarily increases – jitter) Phone calls over IP are no better than over satellite! (too much delay) Phone calls can have very bad voice quality! (too many phone calls – admission control) ATMs (the money-dispensing type) are nonresponsive! (too many drops) What Causes ... Lack of bandwidth?: Multiple flows are contesting for a limited amount of bandwidth. Too much delay?: Packets have to traverse many network devices and links. Variable delay?: Sometimes there is a lot of other traffic, which results in more delay. Drops?: Packets have to be dropped when a link is congested. Available Bandwidth Maximum available bandwidth equals the bandwidth of the weakest link. Multiple flows are competing for the same bandwidth, resulting in much less bandwidth being available to one single application. End-to-End Delay End-to-end delay equals a sum of all propagation, processing, and queuing delays in the path. Propagation delay is fixed; processing and queuing delays are unpredictable in best-effort networks. Processing, Queuing, and Propagation Delay Processing delay is the time it takes for a router to take the packet from an input interface and put it into the output queue of the output interface. Queuing delay is the time a packet resides in the output queue of a router. Propagation or serialization delay is the time it takes to transmit a packet. Packet Loss Tail-drops occur when the output queue is full. These are the most common drops which happen when a link is congested. There are also many other types of drops (input queue drop, ignore, overrun, n