大一普化第五章：电解质溶液-i.ppt

8. 分子结构与酸强度的关系 The strength of an acid depends on a number of factors, such as the properties of the solvent, the temperature, and, of course, the molecular structure of the acid. Two factors influence the extent to which the acid undergoes ionization: One is the strength of the H—X bond—the stronger the bond, the more difficult it is for the HX molecule to break up and hence the weaker the acid. （键强） The other factor is the polarity of the H—X bond. The difference in the electronegativities between H and X results in a polar bond like （键极） Hydrohalic Acids The halogens form a series of binary acids called the hydrohalic acids (HF, HCl, HBr, and HI). 氢卤酸 In this series of binary acids, the weaker the bond, the stronger the acid so that the strength of the acids increases as follows : Oxoacids 含氧酸 These acids are characterized by the presence of one or more O—H bonds. If Z is an electronegative element, or is in a high oxidation state, it will attract electrons, thus making the Z—O bond more covalent and the O—H bond more polar. Consequently, the tendency for the hydrogen to be donated as a H+ ion increases: To compare their strengths, it is convenient to divide the oxoacids into two groups: 1. Oxoacids having different central atoms that are from the same group of the periodic table and that have the same oxidation number. 中心原子同族，具有相同氧化态 2. Oxoacids having the same central atom but different numbers of attached groups. 具有相同中心原子，不同氧化态 HClO4 HClO3 HClO2 HClO Carboxylic Acids 羧酸 羧酸的强度取决于 R 基团的性质. 9. 盐的水解 The term salt hydrolysis 水解 describes the reaction of an anion or a cation of a salt, or both, with water. Salts That Produce Neutral Solutions undergo no hydrolysis pH = 7 强酸强碱盐 Salts That Produce Basic Solutions The solution of a salt derived from a strong base and a weak acid is basic. The hydrolysis reaction is given by Because this reaction produces OH- ions, the sodium acetate（醋酸钠） solution will be basic. 强碱弱酸盐 We can define the percent hydrolys