【精品资料】cohesion and coherence语篇分析 衔接手段.ppt

衔接与连贯(cohesion and coherence ) 衔接 语篇的有形网络 连贯 语篇的无形网络 Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of the field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate — we can not consecrate — we can not hallow — this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us — that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion — that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain — that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom — and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. 语篇的衔接手段 众所周知，大树是通过许许多多的树叉把大大小小的枝条同树干连接起来形成一个完美的整体。其实语篇就好比是一棵大树——一个条理清晰，上下连贯（语篇特征）的整体，那么语篇是靠什么形成的呢？回答是靠衔接手段。 衔接 “衔接”这一概念是Halliday于1962年首次提出的。后来在他与Hasan合著的Cohesion in English一书中把衔接定义为“存在于篇章内部，使之成为语篇的意义关系”（Halliday Hasan, 1976:4）。他们认为，衔接是产生语篇的必要（尽管不足）的条件（1976：298-299）。在他们看来，有了衔接不一定产生语篇，但是如果没有衔接则一定不会产生语篇。 他们系统地将衔接分为五大类：照应（reference）、替代（substitution）、省略（ellipsis）、连接（conjunction）及词汇衔接（lexical cohesion）。 其中前三类属于语法手段，第四类属于逻辑手段，最后一类属于词汇衔接手段。 照应是一些起信号作用的词项。它们不能像大多数词项那样本身可作出语义理解，而只能通过照应别的词项来说明信息（Halliday Hasan, 1976:31）。照应分为外照应（exophora）和内照应（endophora）。内照应又可分为下照应（或称后照应）（anaphora）和上照应（或称前照应）（cataphora）。 外照应指独立于上下文之外的词项。内照应指