[医学]医学分子生物学_第二章 基因.pptVIP

医学分子生物学 第二章 基因 结构与功能 易光辉 南华大学医学院分子生物学研究中心 2009-11 Genes: Structure and Function by Prof. Guanghui Yi ghyi6108@163.com Institute of Cardiovascular Disease Research Center for Molecular Biology Medical College, University of South China 2009-11 Gene: A DNA segment containing biological information and hence coding for an RNA and/or polypeptide molecule. 基因是含有生物信息的DNA片段，根据这些生物信息可以编码具有生物功能的产物，包括RNA和多肽链。 基因的分子本质Genes: Molecular Nature 碱基配对 双链 DNA的结构 右手方向双股螺旋 反向平行 共同轴心 大沟和小沟 BasesIn DNA, there are four heterocyclic bases: adenine(A)（腺嘌啉） and quinine(G)（鸟嘌啉） are purines; cytosine(C)（胞嘧啶） and thymine(T)（胸腺嘧啶） are pyrimidines. In RNA, thymine is replaced by the structurally very similar pyrimidine, uracil(U)（尿嘧啶）. NucleosidesIn RNA the sugar is ribose（核糖） and the compounds are ribonucleosides（核糖核苷）, or just nucleosides, whereas in DNA it is 2’-deoxyribose, and the nucleosides are named 2’-deoxyribonucleosides（2‘-脱氧核糖核苷）, or just deoxynucleosides. Base+sugar=nucleoside. NucleotidesIn ribonucleotides(核苷酸）(CMP, CTP, ATP, GTP, UTP), the 2’-position is hydroxyl group. If the sugar is deoxyribose, then compounds are deoxynucleotides（脱氧核苷酸）(dATP, dGTP, dCTP, dTTP; dNTP). Base+sugar+phosphate=nucleotide. Phosphodiester bonds Between the 5’-position of one sugar and the 3’-position of the next, forming a 3’, 5’-phosphodiester bond. Nucleic acids are highly charged polymers with a negative charge（负电荷） on each phosphate. 1.5 DNA/RNA sequence The nucleic acid sequence is the sequence of bases A, C, G, T/U in the DNA or RNA chain. The sequence is conventionally written from the free 5’-（游离5’-端） to the free 3’-end（游离3’-端) of the molecule. DNA double helix Two separate and antiparallel chains （反向平行）of DNA are wound around each other in a right-handed helical (coiled) path, with the sugar-phosphate backbones on the outside and the bases, paired by hydrogen bonding and stacked on each other, on the inside. Adenine pairs with thymine; guanine pairs with cytosine. T