[文学]Chapter 1 语言学.pptVIP

*;Why study language?;*;*;*;*; “Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.” Language distinguishes human beings from animals because it is far more sophisticated than any animal communication system. ;*;*;*;Duality:the property of having two levels of structures;Scores of sounds;Because of duality, the speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences, most of which are never before produced or heard. In other words, language is productive because of its own duality.;Language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. We can use it to create new meanings. 创造性指语言的能产性，这来源于语言的二层性和递归性。 人可以通过使用数量有限的语法规则来对数量同样有限的词汇排列组合，生成数量无限的词组、短语和句子，即通过对数量有限的语言基本成分的排列组合来产生新的语言单位。（熊学亮 2003：11）;Please write a recursive nature sentence following the example in section 1.3.3: For example: I want to make friends with Nicky who works in a translation company which has employed more than 1,000 people this year when the economy has gone downhill in China where…;Preview questions: 1. What is displacement? 2. Can you give us an example of displacement? 3. What is the significance of displacement? ;Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. ;语言的置换性使语言具有元语言功能 使得话语对上层建筑和意识形态具有一定的反向影响作用，即话语可以制造意识形态和创造现实。（熊学亮 2003） 3. In a word, the intellectual benefits of displacement to us is that it makes possible for us to talk and think in abstract terms. (Fowler, 1974);When a man, for example, is crying to a woman, about something, it might be something that had occurred, or something that is occurring, or something that is to occur. When a dog is barking, however, you can decide it is barking for something or at someone that exists now and there. It couldn’t be bow-wowing sorrowfully for lost love or a bone to be lost. ;1. What is the generally accepted definition of language? 2. What makes human language