[工作范文]管理学robbins_PPT06.pptVIP

第六章 制定决策：管理者工作的本质 Decision Making Decision Making a choice from two or more alternatives. The Decision-Making Process (1) identifying problems, (2) identifying decision criteria, (3) allocating weights to the criteria, (4) developing alternatives, Decision Making The Decision-Making Process (5) analyzing alternatives, (6) selecting an alternative, (7) implementing the alternative, (8) evaluating decision effectiveness The Decision-Making Process Step 1: Identifying the Problem Problem A discrepancy between an existing and desired state of affairs. Characteristics of Problems A problem becomes a problem when a manager becomes aware of it. There is pressure to solve the problem. The manager must have the authority, information, or resources needed to solve the problem. Step 2: Identifying Decision Criteria Criteria and Weights for Franchise Decision Step 4: Developing Alternatives Step 6: Selecting an Alternative Assessed Values of Franchise Opportunities Using Decision Criteria Evaluation of Franchise Alternatives Against Weighted Criteria Step 8: Evaluating the Decision’s Effectiveness Making Decisions Rationality(理性) Managers make consistent, value-maximizing choices with specified constraints. 管理者所制定的决策是前后一致的，是追求特定条件下价值最大化的。 Assumptions are that decision makers: Assumptions of Rationality Making Decisions Bounded Rationality(有限理性) Managers make decisions rationally, but are limited (bounded) by their ability to process information. Assumptions are that decision makers: Will not seek out or have knowledge of all alternatives Will satisfice—choose the first alternative encountered that satisfactorily solves the problem—rather than maximize the outcome of their decision by considering all alternatives and choosing the best. Influences on Decision Making Escalation of Commitment(承诺升级) Increasing or continuing a commitment to previous decision despite mounting evidence that the decision may have been wrong. The Role of Intuition(直觉的作用) Intuitive decision