[高等教育]DUT-Chapter3.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Kurose and Ross forgot to say anything about wrapping the carry and adding it to low order bit * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Transport Layer 3-* TCP congestion control: additive increase, multiplicative decrease Approach: increase transmission rate (window size), probing for usable bandwidth, until loss occurs additive increase: increase CongWin (congestion window) by 1 MSS (Maximum Segment Size )every RTT until loss detected MSS=MTU-IP-TCP multiplicative decrease: cut CongWin in half after loss time congestion window size Saw tooth behavior: probing for bandwidth Transport Layer 3-* TCP Slow Start When connection begins, CongWin = 1 MSS Example: MSS = 500 bytes RTT = 200 msec initial rate = 20 kbps available bandwidth may be MSS/RTT desirable to quickly ramp up to respectable rate When connection begins, increase rate exponentially fast until first loss event Transport Layer 3-* TCP Slow Start (more) When connection begins, increase rate exponentially until first loss event: double CongWin every RTT done by incrementing CongWin for every ACK received Summary: initial rate is slow but ramps up exponentially fast Host A one segment RTT Host B time two segments four segments Figure 12.11 Illustration of Slow Start and Congestion Avoidance Transport Layer 3-* Transport Layer 3-* Refinement: inferring loss After 3 dup ACKs: CongWin is cut in half window then grows linearly But after timeout event: CongWin instead set to 1 MSS; window then grows exponentially to a threshold, then grows linearly 3 dup ACKs indicates network capable of delivering some segments timeout indicates a “more alarming” congestion scenario Philosophy: slow-start fast recovery congestion-avoidance Transport Layer 3-* Refinement Q: When should the exponential increase switch to linear? A: When CongWin gets to 1/2 of its value before timeout. Implementatio