现代自然地理学 1.pptVIP

* * When we deal with deep ice core, the outside of ice core as shown in this picture is very heavily contaminated, because of the wall-retaining fluid which is generally a mixture of aviation gasoline and chlorofluorocarbons. So we have to decontaminate the highly contaminated outside layers of the ice core sections. At our laboratory, we use a mechanical decontamination procedures that include a sequential removing of concentric veneer layers of ice in progression from the outside toward the center of the sections. * With an acid-cleaned all plastic lathe, we start to remove the outside of the core section by using an acid-cleaned stainless chisel. We collect the chips decontaminated with ultraclean bollte. * * * * * * * Another method of decontamination is a dipping of sliced part of the core section. * * * * * * * * * * * * * 刮除第二层 刮除第三层 (保留内核) 内核 移去右侧卡子 内核 将样品瓶套到冰芯外 从左侧切断冰芯 方法二：消除污染 （浸泡） 超纯水 融化的样品 The ice: 18O , 17O , 16O, 1H og 2D Continental dust, volcanic ash, micrometheorites and biological materiale Ions: Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, F-, H+, Na+, K+, NH4+, Mg2+, Ca2+ Gas in air bubbles: CO2, CH4, O2, N2, SF6. Radioactive isotopes: 10Be, 36Cl, 210Pb, 32Si, 14C, 137Cs, 90Sr. DNA Ice Properties Bore hole logging: temperature, geometry Ice Core data A shopping list 冰芯内主要气候、环境代用指标1 雪冰中氧、氢稳定同位素组成(?值）及其气候学意义2 降水指标 (积累率，36Cl）3 指示古大气环流（风力）间接指标 （陆地Ca, Al; 海洋Na)4 自然界事件 （火山nssSO42-, F; 森林火灾K+)5 人类活动指标（CO2,CH4,NH4+,Pb,)6 宇宙成因物质7 微生物（Vostok湖，马兰冰芯） 雪冰中氧、氢稳定同位素组成及其气候学意义 水分子 分子量 比例（?10-6） H216O 18 997 270 H218O 20 2039 H217O 19 370 HD16O 19 319 HD18O 21 0.65 HD17O 20 0.12 D216O 20 0.25 D218O 22 0.00009 D217O 21 0.00001 海水中稳定同位素水分子所占比例 ?18O样品（ ‰ ）= （ 18O/16O)样品 —（18O/16O)标准 *1000 （18O/16O)标准 标准：SMOW：标准平均大洋水： ? ? 0 （‰） 但通常使用由SMOW标定后的二级标准 降水过程中稳定同位素的分馏过程： 较重的水分子（18O, D)比正常分子（16O，H)蒸发的慢 较重的水分子（18O, D)比正常分子（16O，H)凝结的快 — 与温度之间建立了联