南开大学光学工程内部课件Sep-16th.ppt

Why are focusing instruments necessary? Imaging by a Flat refracting surface The image formed by a flat refracting surface is on the same side of the surface as the object The image is virtual The image forms between the object and the surface The rays bend away from the normal since n1 n2 Refraction at curved surface Refraction at a spherical surface Image we have a point source S (in other words, we have a point object S) whose spherical waves arrive at a spherical boundary of two transparent media. We prefer that the wave traveling in the second medium converges to a point S’. In fact, it is also the basic requirement of optical instruments. Lens Lens—What is a lens What is a lens In traditional sense, a lens is an optical system consisting of two or more refractive interfaces where at least one of these is curved. Lens—Type of lenses Type of lenses We limit ourselves centered systems of spherical surfaces (for which all the non-planar surfaces are centered on a common axis, or in other words, all surfaces are rotationally symmetric about a common axis) Lens—Type of lenses 1. Simple lens and compound lens: Simple lens —— consist of one element, i.e., it only has two refracting surfaces Compound lens —— more than one elements. 2. Thin and thick lens: —— if its thickness is effectively  negligible or not Lens—Type of lenses 3. Convex (converging or positive) lens and concave (diverging or negative) lens: With the assumption that the refractive index of the lens is larger than that of the environment of the lens, convex lens is thicker at the center and so tends to decrease the radius of wavefronts. On the other hand, concave lens is thinner at the center and tends to cause the wavefronts to be more diverging than it was upon entry. Lens—Thin-lens equations The simplest case —— thin-lens equations