3.AE-NI模型.ppt

* * * * * Instructor Notes: 1) This relationship is graphed as the aggregate expenditure curve AE, the line af. 2) The components of aggregate expenditure that increases with real GDP are consumption expenditure and imports. 3) The other components--investment, government purchases, and exports--do not vary with real GDP. * * * * Instructor Notes: 1) Autonomous expenditure increases in round 1 by $0.5 trillion. 2) As a result, real GDP increases by the same amount. 3) With a marginal propensity to consume of 0.75, each additional dollar of real GDP induces an additional 0.75 of a dollar of aggregate expenditure. 4) The round 1 increase in real GDP induces an increase in consumption expenditure of $0.375 trillion in round 2. 5) At the end of round 2, real GDP has increased by $0.875 trillion. 6) The extra $0.375 trillion of real GDP in round 2 induces a further increase in consumption expenditure of $0.281 trillion in round 3. 7) Real GDP increases yet further to $1.156 trillion. 8) This process continues with real GDP increasing by ever smaller amounts. 9) When the process comes to an end, real GDP has increased by a total of $2 trillion. * * Instructor Notes: 1) Imports and income taxes make the AE curve less steep and reduce the value of the multiplier. 2) In the graph, with no imports and income taxes, the slope of the AE curve is 0.75 (the marginal propensity to consume) and the multiplier is 4. * Instructor Notes: 1) With imports and income taxes, the slope of the AE curve is less than the marginal propensity to consume. 2) The slope of the AE curve is 0.5. 3) In this case, the multiplier is 2. * * * * * * * * Instructor Notes: 1) This relationship is graphed as the aggregate expenditure curve AE, the line af. 2) The components of aggregate expenditure that increases with real GDP are consumption expenditure and imports. 3) The other components--investment, government purchases, and exports--do not vary with real GDP. 税收为比例税 比例税降低了政府购买、税收（定量税）及政府转移支付变动的乘数效应。 比