[工程科技]5enzymeone.pptVIP

20081124Enzyme lowering the energy barrier of a reaction increases the fraction of molecules whose energy enough to attain the transition state→ making the reaction go faster in both directions The position of the equilibrium (the amount of product versus reactant) is unchanged K = K1/K-1 Catalysts lower the energy barrier in two ways: 1. The catalyst binds a substrate in an intermediate conformation that resembles the transition state, but has a lower energy may lead to multiple intermediate states that bypass the transition state An intermediate state is a metastable 亚稳的state of a molecule The induced fit model 1894， Emil Fischer ，lock-and-key model an enzyme/substrate pair is like a lock and key specific amino acid side chains that physically interact with the substrate ------------ promoting the reaction. When the catalytic process is complete, the enzyme must be able to release the product or products and return to its original state for another round of catalysis. S + E = ES reversible ES - E + P irreversible 酶活性受到调节和控制 浓度水平的调节 活性水平的调节 合成 降解 激活剂、抑制剂调节 别构调节 共价修饰调节 同工酶 The lac operon model, as proposed in 1961 by Jacob and Monod Belta-半乳糖苷酶/半乳糖苷通透酶/硫半乳糖苷转乙酰酶 乳糖/IPTG The nature of Enzyme Most are proteins In some cases it can be RNA Simple protein－－－only protein脲酶，淀粉酶 Conjugated protein－－apoenzyme 脱辅基酶蛋白＋cofactor Coenzyme 结合比较松弛 CoI, CoII Prosthetic group 共价键结合 FAD cofactor Classfication (P-enzyme) 组成 全酶＝脱辅酶＋辅因子 Monomeric enzyme －－ one subunit Oligomericenzyme－－two or more subunits调节酶 Multienzyme complex－－ two or more enzymes 几种酶通过非共价键嵌合而成。 所有反应依次进行，有利于反应的连续进行 e.g. fatty acid synthase E.Coli Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex Based on the character of enzyme protein 2. The Effects of Catalysts 2.1 Transition States and Reaction Rates the standard state free energy of the products is lower than that of the reactants Reactions do not occur all