Ch 5 Phonology The Sound Patterns of Language：CH 5语音语言的声音模式.ppt

Feature-Changing Rules Assimilation and dissimilation are feature-changing rules But some feature-changing rules are neither assimilation nor dissimilation rules For example, adding aspiration in English does not make the voiceless stop more or less like neighboring sounds * Segment Insertion and Deletion Rules Phonological rules may also add or delete entire segments Adding a segment is known as epenthesis The rules for forming plurals, possessives, and third person singular verb agreement in English all involve an epenthesis rule: Insert a [?] before the plural morpheme /z/ when a regular noun ends in a sibilant, giving [?z] * Movement (Metathesis) Rules Metathesis rules reorder the sequence of phonemes For some speakers, the word ask is pronounced as [?ks], and in this case a metathesis rule reorders the /s/ and /k/ in certain contexts In Old English the verb was aksian, and a historical metathesis rule switched the consonants so that most dialects of English now have the verb ask. * From One to Many and from Many to One In English unstressed vowels are reduced to [?] German has both voiced and voiceless obstruents as phonemes, but when they occur at the end of words, they become voiceless * The Function of Phonological Rules Phonological rules provide the phonetic information necessary for the pronunciation of utterances Derivation: the way the phonological rules apply to the underlying phonemic representation to create the phonetic representation: * Slips of the Tongue: Evidence for Phonological Rules Speech errors show phonological rules in action: Intended utterance: gone to seed [g?n t? sid] Actual utterance: god to seen [gad t? si?n] Here the reversal of the consonants also changed the nasality of the vowels The vowel [?] in the intended utterance is replaced by [a] because the vowel is no longer followed by a nasal (since the /n/ and /d/ switched) and the vowel [i] in the intended utterance is nasalized since it was